Everything about Schooner totally explained
A
schooner is a type of
sailing vessel characterized by the use of
fore-and-aft sails on two or more
masts. Schooners were first used by the
Dutch in the 16th or 17th century, and further developed in North America from the early 18th century onwards.
Etymology
According to the
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, the first ship called a schooner was built by builder Andrew Robinson and launched in 1713 from
Gloucester, Massachusetts. Legend has it that the name
schooner was the result of a spectator exclaiming "Oh how she scoons",
scoon being a
Scots word meaning to skip or skim over the water. Robinson replied, "A schooner let her be." According to
Walter William Skeat, the term
schooner comes from the word
scoon, while the
sch spelling comes from the later adoption of the
Dutch and
German spellings.
Construction
sail-plan has two or more
masts with the forward mast being shorter or the same height as the rear masts. Most traditionally rigged schooners are
gaff rigged, sometimes carrying a square topsail on the foremast and occasionally, in addition, a square fore-course (together with the gaff foresail). Schooners carrying square sails are called square-topsail schooners. Modern schooners may be Marconi or
Bermuda rigged. In Bermuda, Bermuda rigged schooners had appeared by the early 19th century. Known as
Ballyhoo schooners, or, along with single masted relatives, with Bermuda or gaff rig, with or without a square topsail, as
Bermuda sloops. A memorable example to the last type was
HMS Pickle. Some schooner yachts are Bermuda rigged on the mainmast and gaff rigged on the foremast. A staysail schooner has no foresail, but instead carries a main staysail between the masts in addition to the fore staysail ahead of the foremast. A staysail or gaff topsail schooner may carry a fisherman (a four sided fore and aft sail) above the main staysail or foresail, or a triangular mule. Multi-masted staysail schooners usually carried a mule above each stay sail except the fore staysail. Gaff-rigged schooners generally carry a triangular fore-and-aft topsail above the gaff sail on the main topmast and sometimes also on the fore topmast (see illustration), called a gaff-topsail schooner. A gaff-rigged schooner that isn't set up to carry one or more gaff topsails is sometimes termed a "bare-headed" or "bald-headed" schooner. A schooner with no bowsprit is known as a "knockabout" schooner.
The schooner may be distinguished from the
ketch by the placement of the
mainsail. On the ketch, the mainsail is flown from the most forward mast; thus it's the
main-mast, and the other mast is the
mizzen-mast. A two-masted schooner has the mainsail on the aft mast, and therefore the other mast is the
fore-mast.
Schooners were more widely used in the United States than in any other country. Two masted schooners were and are most common. They were popular in trades that required speed and windward ability, such as
slaving,
privateering,
blockade running and
offshore fishing. They also came to be favoured as pilot vessels, both in the United States and in Northern Europe. In the
Chesapeake Bay area several distinctive schooner types evolved, including the
Baltimore clipper and the
pungy.
There was no set number of masts for a schooner. A small schooner has two or three masts, but they were built with as many as six (for example the wooden six-masted
Wyoming) or seven masts to carry a larger volume of cargo. The only seven-masted (steel
hulled) schooner, the
Thomas W. Lawson, was built in 1902, with a length of 395 ft (120 m), the top of the tallest mast being above deck, and carrying 25
sails with 43,000 ft² (4,000 m²) of total sail area. A two or three masted schooner is quite maneuverable and can be sailed by a smaller crew than some other sailing vessels. The larger multi-masted schooners were somewhat unmanageable and the rig was largely a cost-cutting measure introduced towards the end of the days of sail.
Essex, Massachusetts was the most significant shipbuilding center for schooners. By the 1850s, over 50 vessels a year were being launched from 15 shipyards and Essex became recognized worldwide as North America’s center for fishing schooner construction. In total, Essex launched over 4,000 schooners, most for
Gloucester, Massachusetts fishing industry.
Operation
Schooners were used to carry cargo in many different environments, from ocean voyages, to coastal runs and on large inland bodies of water. They were popular in North America, and in their heyday of the late 19th century over 2,000 schooners carried cargo back and forth across the
Great Lakes. Three-masted "terns" were a favourite rig of Canada's Maritime Provinces. The
scow schooner, which used a schooner rig on a flat bottomed, blunt ended scow hull, were popular in North America for coastal and river transport.
Three of the most famous racing yachts,
America,
Atlantic, and
Bluenose, were each schooners.
Famous schooners
Gallery
Image:Pacific Grace 1.JPG |Canadian schooner, Pacific Grace, 2001
Image:RW_9-15-06_011.jpg|US schooner Red Witch of Chicago
Image:smallschooner.jpg|two-masted fishing schooner
Image:Shrike-reaching.jpg|US bald-headed knockabout schooner Shrike
Image:SSAmphitrite bearbeitet.jpg|Amphitrite, the world's oldest seagoing yacht
Image:Schooner Linden.jpg|Finnish schooner Linden of Mariehamn, Åland
Image:Regina Maris.JPG|Dutch three-master Regina Maris
Image:Spirit of Bermuda.jpg|Bermuda rigged schooner
Image:La Recouvrance.JPG|French topsail schooner La Recouvrance
Image:PrideofBaltimore1.jpg|Topsail schooner Pride of Baltimore II
Image:FS Etoile.jpg|French Navy two-masted schooner Étoile
Image:Bateaugoelette.jpg|US topsail schooner Californian
Further Information
Get more info on 'Schooner'.
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